From 130ff2d8bb4bbfdc6def79d6f80d9c0ef0a931ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: LucaP <luca.pislaru@protonmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2026 05:22:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] feat: add opt-in procedural drive audio

---
 src/audio/create-audio-controller.ts | 289 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/audio/synth-engine.ts            | 144 ++++++++++
 src/audio/types.ts                   |  44 +++
 src/components/AppShell.vue          |  13 +
 src/components/DriveControls.vue     |  56 +++-
 src/composables/useAudioEngine.ts    |  91 +++++++
 src/styles/world.css                 |  37 ++-
 tests/browser/audio-controls.spec.ts |  95 +++++++
 tests/unit/audio-lifecycle.test.ts   | 389 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 1155 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/audio/create-audio-controller.ts
 create mode 100644 src/audio/synth-engine.ts
 create mode 100644 src/audio/types.ts
 create mode 100644 src/composables/useAudioEngine.ts
 create mode 100644 tests/browser/audio-controls.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 tests/unit/audio-lifecycle.test.ts

diff --git a/src/audio/create-audio-controller.ts b/src/audio/create-audio-controller.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98d8339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/audio/create-audio-controller.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+import type {
+  AudioController,
+  AudioControllerOptions,
+  AudioGraph,
+  AudioUiState,
+} from '@/audio/types';
+
+type ActualState = AudioUiState['kind'];
+type DesiredState = 'idle' | 'running' | 'suspended' | 'closed';
+type ResumeIntent = 'none' | 'automatic-after-visibility' | 'user-required';
+
+const DEFAULT_VOLUME = 0.4;
+const INTENSITY_SMOOTHING = 0.12;
+
+export function createAudioController(options: AudioControllerOptions): AudioController {
+  let actual: ActualState = 'idle';
+  let desired: DesiredState = 'idle';
+  let resumeIntent: ResumeIntent = 'none';
+  let explicitlyActivated = false;
+  let visible = options.initiallyVisible ?? true;
+  let muted = false;
+  let volume = clamp(options.initialVolume ?? DEFAULT_VOLUME);
+  let intensity = 0;
+  let graph: AudioGraph | null = null;
+  let graphClosed = false;
+  let removeStateListener = (): void => {};
+  let operationGeneration = 0;
+  let startOperation: Promise<void> | null = null;
+  let operationTail = Promise.resolve();
+  const listeners = new Set<(state: AudioUiState) => void>();
+
+  const snapshot = (): AudioUiState => {
+    switch (actual) {
+      case 'idle': return { kind: 'idle' };
+      case 'starting': return { kind: 'starting' };
+      case 'running': return { kind: 'running', muted, volume };
+      case 'suspended': return { kind: 'suspended', resumeRequiresGesture: resumeIntent === 'user-required' };
+      case 'failed': return { kind: 'failed', message: 'Audio unavailable' };
+      case 'disposed': return { kind: 'disposed' };
+    }
+  };
+
+  const publish = (): void => {
+    const state = snapshot();
+    for (const listener of listeners) listener(state);
+  };
+
+  const setActual = (next: ActualState): void => {
+    actual = next;
+    publish();
+  };
+
+  const lifecycleInvalidated = (generation: number): boolean => (
+    actual === 'disposed' || desired === 'closed' || generation !== operationGeneration
+  );
+
+  const silence = (): void => {
+    if (!graph) return;
+    graph.setOutputGain(0);
+    graph.disconnectOutput();
+  };
+
+  const closeGraph = async (): Promise<void> => {
+    if (!graph || graphClosed) return;
+    graphClosed = true;
+    removeStateListener();
+    removeStateListener = (): void => {};
+    try {
+      await graph.close();
+    } catch {
+      // Closing is best effort after synchronous silence and disconnection.
+    }
+  };
+
+  const fail = async (): Promise<void> => {
+    if (actual === 'disposed') {
+      await closeGraph();
+      return;
+    }
+    desired = 'suspended';
+    resumeIntent = 'user-required';
+    silence();
+    await closeGraph();
+    setActual('failed');
+  };
+
+  const enqueue = (operation: () => Promise<void>): Promise<void> => {
+    const result = operationTail.then(operation, operation);
+    operationTail = result.catch(() => undefined);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  const attachRunning = (): void => {
+    if (!graph || graphClosed) return;
+    graph.connectOutput();
+    graph.setOutputGain(muted ? 0 : volume);
+    graph.setIntensity(intensity);
+    resumeIntent = 'none';
+    setActual('running');
+  };
+
+  const settleAfterResume = async (generation: number, firstStart: boolean): Promise<void> => {
+    if (!graph) return;
+    try {
+      await graph.resume();
+    } catch {
+      if (firstStart) await fail();
+      else {
+        desired = 'suspended';
+        resumeIntent = 'user-required';
+        silence();
+        setActual('suspended');
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (lifecycleInvalidated(generation)) {
+      await closeGraph();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (desired === 'running' && visible) {
+      attachRunning();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    silence();
+    try {
+      await graph.suspend();
+    } catch {
+      await fail();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (lifecycleInvalidated(generation)) {
+      await closeGraph();
+      return;
+    }
+    setActual('suspended');
+  };
+
+  const startFromGesture = (): Promise<void> => {
+    if (actual === 'disposed' || actual === 'failed') return Promise.resolve();
+    if (explicitlyActivated) return startOperation ?? operationTail;
+
+    explicitlyActivated = true;
+    desired = 'running';
+    resumeIntent = 'none';
+    setActual('starting');
+    const generation = ++operationGeneration;
+
+    try {
+      // This factory call intentionally remains synchronous in the activating event stack.
+      graph = options.createGraph();
+      removeStateListener = graph.onContextStateChange((state) => {
+        if (state === 'interrupted') void noteInterruption();
+      });
+      graph.setOutputGain(0);
+      graph.setIntensity(intensity);
+    } catch {
+      startOperation = enqueue(fail);
+      return startOperation;
+    }
+
+    startOperation = enqueue(() => settleAfterResume(generation, true));
+    return startOperation;
+  };
+
+  const resumeFromGesture = (): Promise<void> => {
+    if (actual === 'idle') return startFromGesture();
+    if (actual !== 'suspended' || !graph || graphClosed) return Promise.resolve();
+    desired = 'running';
+    resumeIntent = 'none';
+    const generation = operationGeneration;
+    return enqueue(() => settleAfterResume(generation, false));
+  };
+
+  const suspend = (intent: ResumeIntent): Promise<void> => {
+    if (actual === 'idle' || actual === 'failed' || actual === 'disposed') return Promise.resolve();
+    desired = 'suspended';
+    resumeIntent = intent;
+
+    if (actual === 'starting') return startOperation ?? Promise.resolve();
+    if (actual === 'suspended') {
+      publish();
+      return Promise.resolve();
+    }
+
+    silence();
+    const generation = operationGeneration;
+    return enqueue(async () => {
+      if (!graph || graphClosed || lifecycleInvalidated(generation)) return;
+      try {
+        await graph.suspend();
+      } catch {
+        await fail();
+        return;
+      }
+      if (lifecycleInvalidated(generation)) {
+        await closeGraph();
+        return;
+      }
+      if (desired === 'running' && visible) {
+        await settleAfterResume(generation, false);
+        return;
+      }
+      setActual('suspended');
+    });
+  };
+
+  const setVisible = (nextVisible: boolean): Promise<void> => {
+    visible = nextVisible;
+    if (actual === 'idle' || actual === 'failed' || actual === 'disposed') return Promise.resolve();
+    if (!visible) {
+      const intent = resumeIntent === 'user-required' ? 'user-required' : 'automatic-after-visibility';
+      return suspend(intent);
+    }
+    if (resumeIntent === 'automatic-after-visibility') {
+      desired = 'running';
+      resumeIntent = 'none';
+      if (actual === 'starting') return startOperation ?? Promise.resolve();
+      if (actual === 'running') return operationTail;
+      if (actual === 'suspended') {
+        const generation = operationGeneration;
+        return enqueue(() => settleAfterResume(generation, false));
+      }
+    }
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  };
+
+  const noteInterruption = (): Promise<void> => suspend('user-required');
+
+  const pageHide = (persisted: boolean): Promise<void> => {
+    if (persisted) return setVisible(false);
+    dispose();
+    return operationTail;
+  };
+
+  const pageShow = (_persisted: boolean): Promise<void> => setVisible(true);
+
+  const dispose = (): void => {
+    if (actual === 'disposed') return;
+    desired = 'closed';
+    visible = false;
+    operationGeneration += 1;
+    silence();
+    setActual('disposed');
+    void enqueue(closeGraph);
+  };
+
+  return {
+    startFromGesture,
+    resumeFromGesture,
+    setMuted(nextMuted) {
+      if (actual === 'disposed') return;
+      muted = nextMuted;
+      graph?.setOutputGain(muted ? 0 : volume);
+      if (actual === 'running') publish();
+    },
+    setVolume(nextVolume) {
+      if (actual === 'disposed') return;
+      volume = clamp(nextVolume);
+      graph?.setOutputGain(muted ? 0 : volume);
+      if (actual === 'running') publish();
+    },
+    setIntensity(nextIntensity) {
+      if (actual === 'disposed') return;
+      const target = clamp(nextIntensity);
+      intensity += (target - intensity) * INTENSITY_SMOOTHING;
+      graph?.setIntensity(intensity);
+    },
+    setVisible,
+    noteInterruption,
+    pageHide,
+    pageShow,
+    dispose,
+    whenSettled: () => operationTail,
+    snapshot,
+    subscribe(listener) {
+      listeners.add(listener);
+      listener(snapshot());
+      return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function clamp(value: number): number {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 0;
+  return Math.min(1, Math.max(0, value));
+}
diff --git a/src/audio/synth-engine.ts b/src/audio/synth-engine.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccbaa20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/audio/synth-engine.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import type { AudioContextLifecycleState, AudioGraph } from '@/audio/types';
+
+type AudioContextFactory = () => AudioContext;
+
+export function createBrowserSynthEngine(): AudioGraph {
+  const AudioContextConstructor = window.AudioContext
+    ?? (window as typeof window & { webkitAudioContext?: typeof AudioContext }).webkitAudioContext;
+  if (!AudioContextConstructor) throw new Error('Web Audio is unavailable');
+  return createSynthEngine(() => new AudioContextConstructor());
+}
+
+export function createSynthEngine(createContext: AudioContextFactory): AudioGraph {
+  const context = createContext();
+  const master = context.createGain();
+  const dynamics = context.createDynamicsCompressor();
+  master.gain.setValueAtTime(0, context.currentTime);
+  master.connect(dynamics);
+
+  const engineFilter = context.createBiquadFilter();
+  engineFilter.type = 'lowpass';
+  engineFilter.frequency.setValueAtTime(260, context.currentTime);
+  engineFilter.Q.setValueAtTime(1.25, context.currentTime);
+
+  const engineGain = context.createGain();
+  engineGain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.045, context.currentTime);
+  engineFilter.connect(engineGain);
+  engineGain.connect(master);
+
+  const fundamental = createOscillator(context, 'sawtooth', 42, 0.16, engineFilter);
+  const harmonic = createOscillator(context, 'sine', 84, 0.055, engineFilter);
+
+  const roadFilter = context.createBiquadFilter();
+  roadFilter.type = 'bandpass';
+  roadFilter.frequency.setValueAtTime(410, context.currentTime);
+  roadFilter.Q.setValueAtTime(0.55, context.currentTime);
+  const roadGain = context.createGain();
+  roadGain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.015, context.currentTime);
+  roadFilter.connect(roadGain);
+  roadGain.connect(master);
+
+  const noise = context.createBufferSource();
+  noise.buffer = createNoiseBuffer(context, 2);
+  noise.loop = true;
+  noise.connect(roadFilter);
+
+  const ignition = context.createOscillator();
+  ignition.type = 'triangle';
+  ignition.frequency.setValueAtTime(68, context.currentTime);
+  const ignitionGain = context.createGain();
+  ignitionGain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.0001, context.currentTime);
+  ignitionGain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.07, context.currentTime + 0.12);
+  ignitionGain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.0001, context.currentTime + 1.15);
+  ignition.connect(ignitionGain);
+  ignitionGain.connect(master);
+
+  const scheduledNodes: Array<AudioScheduledSourceNode> = [fundamental.source, harmonic.source, noise, ignition];
+  for (const node of scheduledNodes) node.start();
+
+  let outputConnected = false;
+  let closed = false;
+
+  return {
+    resume: () => context.resume(),
+    suspend: () => context.suspend(),
+    async close() {
+      if (closed) return;
+      closed = true;
+      for (const node of scheduledNodes) {
+        try { node.stop(); } catch { /* A source may already have ended. */ }
+      }
+      if (outputConnected) {
+        dynamics.disconnect(context.destination);
+        outputConnected = false;
+      }
+      master.disconnect();
+      await context.close();
+    },
+    connectOutput() {
+      if (closed || outputConnected) return;
+      dynamics.connect(context.destination);
+      outputConnected = true;
+    },
+    disconnectOutput() {
+      if (!outputConnected) return;
+      dynamics.disconnect(context.destination);
+      outputConnected = false;
+    },
+    setOutputGain(value) {
+      const next = clamp(value);
+      master.gain.cancelScheduledValues(context.currentTime);
+      master.gain.setValueAtTime(next, context.currentTime);
+    },
+    setIntensity(value) {
+      const next = clamp(value);
+      const time = context.currentTime;
+      fundamental.source.frequency.setTargetAtTime(42 + next * 28, time, 0.32);
+      harmonic.source.frequency.setTargetAtTime(84 + next * 56, time, 0.32);
+      engineFilter.frequency.setTargetAtTime(260 + next * 670, time, 0.38);
+      roadFilter.frequency.setTargetAtTime(410 + next * 520, time, 0.42);
+      engineGain.gain.setTargetAtTime(0.045 + next * 0.035, time, 0.4);
+      roadGain.gain.setTargetAtTime(0.015 + next * 0.03, time, 0.45);
+    },
+    onContextStateChange(listener) {
+      const onStateChange = (): void => listener(context.state as AudioContextLifecycleState);
+      context.addEventListener('statechange', onStateChange);
+      return () => context.removeEventListener('statechange', onStateChange);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function createOscillator(
+  context: AudioContext,
+  type: OscillatorType,
+  frequency: number,
+  level: number,
+  destination: AudioNode,
+): { source: OscillatorNode; gain: GainNode } {
+  const source = context.createOscillator();
+  source.type = type;
+  source.frequency.setValueAtTime(frequency, context.currentTime);
+  const gain = context.createGain();
+  gain.gain.setValueAtTime(level, context.currentTime);
+  source.connect(gain);
+  gain.connect(destination);
+  return { source, gain };
+}
+
+function createNoiseBuffer(context: AudioContext, durationSeconds: number): AudioBuffer {
+  const length = Math.max(1, Math.floor(context.sampleRate * durationSeconds));
+  const buffer = context.createBuffer(1, length, context.sampleRate);
+  const samples = buffer.getChannelData(0);
+  let previous = 0;
+  for (let index = 0; index < samples.length; index += 1) {
+    const white = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
+    previous = previous * 0.93 + white * 0.07;
+    samples[index] = previous;
+  }
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+function clamp(value: number): number {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 0;
+  return Math.min(1, Math.max(0, value));
+}
diff --git a/src/audio/types.ts b/src/audio/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41bb1be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/audio/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+export type AudioUiState =
+  | { kind: 'idle' }
+  | { kind: 'starting' }
+  | { kind: 'running'; muted: boolean; volume: number }
+  | { kind: 'suspended'; resumeRequiresGesture: boolean }
+  | { kind: 'failed'; message: string }
+  | { kind: 'disposed' };
+
+export type AudioContextLifecycleState = AudioContextState | 'interrupted';
+
+export interface AudioGraph {
+  resume(): Promise<void>;
+  suspend(): Promise<void>;
+  close(): Promise<void>;
+  connectOutput(): void;
+  disconnectOutput(): void;
+  setOutputGain(value: number): void;
+  setIntensity(value: number): void;
+  onContextStateChange(listener: (state: AudioContextLifecycleState) => void): () => void;
+}
+
+export type AudioGraphFactory = () => AudioGraph;
+
+export interface AudioControllerOptions {
+  createGraph: AudioGraphFactory;
+  initialVolume?: number;
+  initiallyVisible?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface AudioController {
+  startFromGesture(): Promise<void>;
+  resumeFromGesture(): Promise<void>;
+  setMuted(muted: boolean): void;
+  setVolume(volume: number): void;
+  setIntensity(intensity: number): void;
+  setVisible(visible: boolean): Promise<void>;
+  noteInterruption(): Promise<void>;
+  pageHide(persisted: boolean): Promise<void>;
+  pageShow(persisted: boolean): Promise<void>;
+  dispose(): void;
+  whenSettled(): Promise<void>;
+  snapshot(): AudioUiState;
+  subscribe(listener: (state: AudioUiState) => void): () => void;
+}
diff --git a/src/components/AppShell.vue b/src/components/AppShell.vue
index 381d65b..f2ccd6a 100644
--- a/src/components/AppShell.vue
+++ b/src/components/AppShell.vue
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import SceneCanvas from './SceneCanvas.vue';
 import SiteNavigation from './SiteNavigation.vue';
 import ToolkitGrid from './ToolkitGrid.vue';
 import { useAdaptiveQuality } from '@/composables/useAdaptiveQuality';
+import { useAudioEngine } from '@/composables/useAudioEngine';
 import { useJourneySections } from '@/composables/useJourneySections';
 import { useKeyboardNavigation } from '@/composables/useKeyboardNavigation';
 import { useMotionPreferences } from '@/composables/useMotionPreferences';
@@ -43,6 +44,11 @@ const journey = useJourneySections(
   navigation.state,
   computed(() => motion.policy.value.allowSceneRequest),
 );
+const audio = useAudioEngine({
+  intensity: computed(() => journey.value.acceleration),
+  volume: motion.volume,
+  setVolume: motion.setVolume,
+});
 const sceneState = shallowRef<SceneHostState>('idle');
 const pageLifecycle = shallowRef<'active' | 'frozen' | 'disposed'>('active');
 const controlsReady = shallowRef(false);
@@ -175,9 +181,16 @@ onUnmounted(() => removePageListeners());
     :policy="displayedPolicy"
     :maximum-quality="controlsReady ? motion.maximumQuality.value : 'high'"
     :scene-status="displayedSceneState"
+    :audio-state="audio.state.value"
+    :audio-muted="audio.muted.value"
+    :audio-volume="controlsReady ? motion.volume.value : 0.4"
     @pause="motion.setPaused(true)"
     @resume="motion.setPaused(false)"
     @enable="enableMotion"
     @quality-change="setQuality"
+    @audio-start="audio.startFromGesture"
+    @audio-resume="audio.resumeFromGesture"
+    @audio-mute-toggle="audio.toggleMuted"
+    @audio-volume-change="audio.setVolume"
   />
 </template>
diff --git a/src/components/DriveControls.vue b/src/components/DriveControls.vue
index 2cfc5d8..a51f091 100644
--- a/src/components/DriveControls.vue
+++ b/src/components/DriveControls.vue
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { computed } from 'vue';
+import type { AudioUiState } from '@/audio/types';
 import type { MotionPolicy, QualityTier } from '@/journey/motion-policy';
 
-const props = defineProps<{
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
   policy: MotionPolicy;
   maximumQuality: QualityTier;
   sceneStatus: string;
-}>();
+  audioState?: AudioUiState;
+  audioMuted?: boolean;
+  audioVolume?: number;
+}>(), {
+  audioState: () => ({ kind: 'idle' }),
+  audioMuted: false,
+  audioVolume: 0.4,
+});
 
 const emit = defineEmits<{
   pause: [];
   resume: [];
   enable: [];
   qualityChange: [quality: QualityTier];
+  audioStart: [];
+  audioResume: [];
+  audioMuteToggle: [];
+  audioVolumeChange: [volume: number];
 }>();
 
 const action = computed(() => {
@@ -45,11 +57,51 @@ const changeQuality = (event: Event): void => {
     emit('qualityChange', value);
   }
 };
+
+const changeVolume = (event: Event): void => {
+  emit('audioVolumeChange', Number((event.currentTarget as HTMLInputElement).value));
+};
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div class="drive-controls">
     <button v-if="action" type="button" @click="runAction">{{ action.label }}</button>
+    <div v-if="audioState.kind === 'idle'" class="drive-controls__audio-start">
+      <button type="button" @click="emit('audioStart')">START THE DRIVE</button>
+      <span>Enables the interactive soundtrack.</span>
+    </div>
+    <div v-else-if="audioState.kind === 'starting'" class="drive-controls__audio-start" aria-live="polite">
+      <button type="button" disabled>Starting drive…</button>
+      <span>Preparing the interactive soundtrack.</span>
+    </div>
+    <p v-else-if="audioState.kind === 'failed'" class="drive-controls__audio-status" role="status">
+      Audio unavailable. Continue without sound.
+    </p>
+    <div
+      v-else-if="audioState.kind === 'running' || audioState.kind === 'suspended'"
+      class="drive-controls__audio"
+    >
+      <button
+        v-if="audioState.kind === 'suspended' && audioState.resumeRequiresGesture"
+        type="button"
+        @click="emit('audioResume')"
+      >Resume sound</button>
+      <button type="button" @click="emit('audioMuteToggle')">
+        {{ audioMuted ? 'Unmute sound' : 'Mute sound' }}
+      </button>
+      <label>
+        <span>Sound volume</span>
+        <input
+          aria-label="Sound volume"
+          type="range"
+          min="0"
+          max="1"
+          step="0.05"
+          :value="audioVolume"
+          @input="changeVolume"
+        >
+      </label>
+    </div>
     <label>
       <span>Quality</span>
       <select :value="maximumQuality" aria-label="Quality control" @change="changeQuality">
diff --git a/src/composables/useAudioEngine.ts b/src/composables/useAudioEngine.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77467a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/composables/useAudioEngine.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import {
+  onMounted,
+  onUnmounted,
+  readonly,
+  shallowRef,
+  watch,
+  type Ref,
+} from 'vue';
+import { createAudioController } from '@/audio/create-audio-controller';
+import { createBrowserSynthEngine } from '@/audio/synth-engine';
+import type { AudioController, AudioUiState } from '@/audio/types';
+
+export interface AudioEngineSources {
+  intensity: Readonly<Ref<number>>;
+  volume: Readonly<Ref<number>>;
+  setVolume(value: number): void;
+}
+
+export interface AudioEngineBinding {
+  state: Readonly<Ref<AudioUiState>>;
+  muted: Readonly<Ref<boolean>>;
+  startFromGesture(): void;
+  resumeFromGesture(): void;
+  toggleMuted(): void;
+  setVolume(value: number): void;
+}
+
+export function useAudioEngine(sources: AudioEngineSources): AudioEngineBinding {
+  const state = shallowRef<AudioUiState>({ kind: 'idle' });
+  const muted = shallowRef(false);
+  let controller: AudioController | null = null;
+  let removeSubscription = (): void => {};
+  let removePageListeners = (): void => {};
+
+  const ensureController = (): AudioController => {
+    if (controller) return controller;
+    controller = createAudioController({
+      createGraph: createBrowserSynthEngine,
+      initialVolume: sources.volume.value,
+      initiallyVisible: document.visibilityState !== 'hidden',
+    });
+    removeSubscription = controller.subscribe((next) => { state.value = next; });
+    controller.setIntensity(sources.intensity.value);
+    return controller;
+  };
+
+  watch(sources.intensity, (value) => controller?.setIntensity(value));
+  watch(sources.volume, (value) => controller?.setVolume(value));
+
+  onMounted(() => {
+    ensureController();
+    const onVisibilityChange = (): void => {
+      void controller?.setVisible(document.visibilityState !== 'hidden');
+    };
+    const onPageHide = (event: PageTransitionEvent): void => { void controller?.pageHide(event.persisted); };
+    const onPageShow = (event: PageTransitionEvent): void => { void controller?.pageShow(event.persisted); };
+    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange);
+    window.addEventListener('pagehide', onPageHide);
+    window.addEventListener('pageshow', onPageShow);
+    removePageListeners = () => {
+      document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange);
+      window.removeEventListener('pagehide', onPageHide);
+      window.removeEventListener('pageshow', onPageShow);
+    };
+  });
+
+  onUnmounted(() => {
+    removePageListeners();
+    removeSubscription();
+    controller?.dispose();
+    controller = null;
+  });
+
+  return {
+    state: readonly(state),
+    muted: readonly(muted),
+    startFromGesture() {
+      // Keep this call direct: the controller constructs AudioContext synchronously here.
+      void ensureController().startFromGesture();
+    },
+    resumeFromGesture() { void ensureController().resumeFromGesture(); },
+    toggleMuted() {
+      muted.value = !muted.value;
+      ensureController().setMuted(muted.value);
+    },
+    setVolume(value) {
+      sources.setVolume(value);
+      ensureController().setVolume(value);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/styles/world.css b/src/styles/world.css
index 4f4fcb3..f59a316 100644
--- a/src/styles/world.css
+++ b/src/styles/world.css
@@ -93,14 +93,33 @@
   font-size: var(--step--1);
 }
 
+.drive-controls__audio-start,
+.drive-controls__audio {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 0.55rem;
+}
+
+.drive-controls__audio-start span,
+.drive-controls__audio-status {
+  color: var(--text-muted);
+}
+
 .drive-controls button,
-.drive-controls select {
+.drive-controls select,
+.drive-controls input {
   min-block-size: 44px;
   border: 1px solid var(--line-strong);
   background: #101925;
   color: var(--text);
 }
 
+.drive-controls input[type='range'] {
+  inline-size: 7rem;
+  accent-color: var(--cyan);
+}
+
 .drive-controls button {
   padding-inline: 0.8rem;
 }
@@ -120,6 +139,18 @@
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 767px) {
+  html {
+    scroll-padding-block-end: 11rem;
+  }
+
+  #contact {
+    padding-block-end: 11rem;
+  }
+
+  #contact a {
+    scroll-margin-block-end: 11rem;
+  }
+
   .journey-hud {
     inset: 0.5rem 0.5rem auto auto;
     min-inline-size: 0;
@@ -138,6 +169,10 @@
   .drive-controls__status {
     flex-basis: 100%;
   }
+
+  .drive-controls__audio-start span {
+    flex-basis: 100%;
+  }
 }
 
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
diff --git a/tests/browser/audio-controls.spec.ts b/tests/browser/audio-controls.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8663459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/browser/audio-controls.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { expect, test } from '../helpers/serve-dist';
+
+test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
+  await page.addInitScript(() => {
+    const OriginalAudioContext = window.AudioContext;
+    (window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number }).__audioConstructed = 0;
+    (window as unknown as { __audioContexts: AudioContext[] }).__audioContexts = [];
+    if (!OriginalAudioContext) return;
+    class TrackingAudioContext extends OriginalAudioContext {
+      constructor(options?: AudioContextOptions) {
+        super(options);
+        const state = window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number; __audioContexts: AudioContext[] };
+        state.__audioConstructed += 1;
+        state.__audioContexts.push(this);
+      }
+    }
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'AudioContext', { configurable: true, value: TrackingAudioContext });
+  });
+});
+
+test('starts Web Audio synchronously from the visitor gesture and exposes accessible controls', async ({ page, distUrl }) => {
+  await page.goto(distUrl, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    (window as unknown as { __constructedDuringGesture?: number }).__constructedDuringGesture = -1;
+    window.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
+      if ((event.target as HTMLElement | null)?.textContent?.includes('START THE DRIVE')) {
+        const state = window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number; __constructedDuringGesture: number };
+        state.__constructedDuringGesture = state.__audioConstructed;
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'START THE DRIVE' })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByText('Enables the interactive soundtrack.')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByLabel('Sound volume')).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number }).__audioConstructed)).toBe(0);
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'START THE DRIVE' }).click();
+
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mute sound' })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByLabel('Sound volume')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { __constructedDuringGesture: number }).__constructedDuringGesture)).toBe(1);
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number }).__audioConstructed)).toBe(1);
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mute sound' }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unmute sound' })).toBeVisible();
+});
+
+test('persists native volume and keeps sound independent from Static motion', async ({ page, distUrl }) => {
+  await page.goto(distUrl, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'START THE DRIVE' }).click();
+
+  const volume = page.getByLabel('Sound volume');
+  await volume.fill('0.65');
+  await expect(volume).toHaveValue('0.65');
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => localStorage.getItem('portfolio.audio.volume'))).toBe('0.65');
+
+  await page.getByLabel('Quality control').selectOption('static');
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unmute sound' })).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mute sound' })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(volume).toBeVisible();
+});
+
+test('requires a direct visitor action after browser interruption without creating another graph', async ({ page, distUrl }) => {
+  await page.goto(distUrl, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'START THE DRIVE' }).click();
+
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const context = (window as unknown as { __audioContexts: AudioContext[] }).__audioContexts[0];
+    Object.defineProperty(context, 'state', { configurable: true, value: 'interrupted' });
+    context?.dispatchEvent(new Event('statechange'));
+  });
+
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Resume sound' })).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Resume sound' }).click();
+  await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mute sound' })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect.poll(() => page.evaluate(() => (window as unknown as { __audioConstructed: number }).__audioConstructed)).toBe(1);
+});
+
+test('shows a concise non-blocking message when initial audio start is rejected', async ({ page, distUrl }) => {
+  await page.addInitScript(() => {
+    const OriginalAudioContext = window.AudioContext;
+    if (!OriginalAudioContext) return;
+    class RejectingAudioContext extends OriginalAudioContext {
+      override resume(): Promise<void> { return Promise.reject(new DOMException('blocked', 'NotAllowedError')); }
+    }
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'AudioContext', { configurable: true, value: RejectingAudioContext });
+  });
+  await page.goto(distUrl, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'START THE DRIVE' }).click();
+
+  await expect(page.getByText('Audio unavailable. Continue without sound.')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.locator('main#portfolio-content')).toBeVisible();
+});
diff --git a/tests/unit/audio-lifecycle.test.ts b/tests/unit/audio-lifecycle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80abd1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/audio-lifecycle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { createAudioController } from '@/audio/create-audio-controller';
+import { createSynthEngine } from '@/audio/synth-engine';
+import type { AudioGraph, AudioGraphFactory } from '@/audio/types';
+
+describe('audio controller lifecycle', () => {
+  it('constructs no graph before activation and only one graph for rapid repeated activation', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness();
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(0);
+    const first = controller.startFromGesture();
+    const second = controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    await Promise.all([first, second]);
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'running', muted: false, volume: 0.4 });
+    expect(harness.graph.connectOutput).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('applies clamped volume and mute changes made while starting without changing lifecycle intent', async () => {
+    const resume = deferred<void>();
+    const harness = createHarness({ resume });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph, initialVolume: 3 });
+
+    const starting = controller.startFromGesture();
+    controller.setVolume(-1);
+    controller.setMuted(true);
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'starting' });
+
+    resume.resolve();
+    await starting;
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'running', muted: true, volume: 0 });
+    expect(harness.graph.setOutputGain).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(0);
+  });
+
+  it('retains one initialization when hidden then visible before starting completes', async () => {
+    const resume = deferred<void>();
+    const harness = createHarness({ resume });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+
+    const starting = controller.startFromGesture();
+    controller.setVisible(false);
+    controller.setVisible(true);
+    resume.resolve();
+    await starting;
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot().kind).toBe('running');
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    expect(harness.graph.suspend).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(harness.graph.connectOutput).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('finishes an interrupted initialization only into safely suspended user-required state', async () => {
+    const resume = deferred<void>();
+    const harness = createHarness({ resume });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+
+    const starting = controller.startFromGesture();
+    controller.noteInterruption();
+    resume.resolve();
+    await starting;
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'suspended', resumeRequiresGesture: true });
+    expect(harness.graph.connectOutput).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(harness.graph.suspend).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('automatically suspends and resumes an intact graph across visibility and persisted BFCache', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness();
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    await controller.pageHide(true);
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'suspended', resumeRequiresGesture: false });
+    expect(harness.graph.disconnectOutput).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+
+    await controller.pageShow(true);
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'running', muted: false, volume: 0.4 });
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    expect(harness.graph.resume).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(harness.graph.connectOutput).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  });
+
+  it('honors a visible event that arrives before a running suspension completes', async () => {
+    const suspension = deferred<void>();
+    const harness = createHarness({ suspend: suspension });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    const hiding = controller.setVisible(false);
+    const showing = controller.setVisible(true);
+    suspension.resolve();
+    await Promise.all([hiding, showing]);
+    await controller.whenSettled();
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'running', muted: false, volume: 0.4 });
+    expect(harness.graph.suspend).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(harness.graph.resume).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('does not convert an interruption into automatic resume on later visibility events', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness();
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    await controller.noteInterruption();
+    await controller.setVisible(false);
+    await controller.setVisible(true);
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'suspended', resumeRequiresGesture: true });
+    expect(harness.graph.resume).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+
+    await controller.resumeFromGesture();
+    expect(controller.snapshot().kind).toBe('running');
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    expect(harness.graph.resume).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  });
+
+  it('enters a recoverable visible failure when the first explicit start rejects', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness({ resumeRejects: true });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'failed', message: 'Audio unavailable' });
+    expect(harness.graph.setOutputGain).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(0);
+    expect(harness.graph.disconnectOutput).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(harness.graph.close).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps an existing graph suspended and user-recoverable when automatic resume rejects', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness();
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+    await controller.setVisible(false);
+    harness.rejectNextResume();
+
+    await controller.setVisible(true);
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'suspended', resumeRequiresGesture: true });
+    expect(harness.graph.close).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('forces silence, closes once, and fails when suspension cannot be guaranteed', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness({ suspendRejects: true });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    await controller.setVisible(false);
+    await controller.setVisible(true);
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'failed', message: 'Audio unavailable' });
+    expect(harness.graph.setOutputGain).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(0);
+    expect(harness.graph.disconnectOutput).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(harness.graph.close).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('invalidates a pending start and closes exactly once on final pagehide or repeated disposal', async () => {
+    const resume = deferred<void>();
+    const harness = createHarness({ resume });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    const starting = controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    const closing = controller.pageHide(false);
+    controller.dispose();
+    resume.resolve();
+    await Promise.all([starting, closing]);
+    await controller.whenSettled();
+
+    expect(controller.snapshot()).toEqual({ kind: 'disposed' });
+    expect(harness.graph.connectOutput).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(harness.graph.close).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('ignores lifecycle events before activation and after failure without creating another graph', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness({ resumeRejects: true });
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+
+    await controller.setVisible(false);
+    await controller.pageShow(true);
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(0);
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+    await controller.setVisible(true);
+    await controller.pageShow(true);
+
+    expect(harness.constructed).toBe(1);
+    expect(controller.snapshot().kind).toBe('failed');
+  });
+
+  it('clamps and slowly smooths drive intensity before forwarding it to the graph', async () => {
+    const harness = createHarness();
+    const controller = createAudioController({ createGraph: harness.createGraph });
+    await controller.startFromGesture();
+
+    controller.setIntensity(2);
+    controller.setIntensity(Number.NaN);
+
+    expect(harness.graph.setIntensity).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(3, 0.12);
+    expect(harness.graph.setIntensity).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(4, 0.1056);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('procedural audio graph', () => {
+  it('builds an original oscillator, filtered-noise, gain, and dynamics bed while output stays disconnected', async () => {
+    const context = new FakeAudioContext();
+
+    const graph = createSynthEngine(() => context as unknown as AudioContext);
+
+    expect(context.oscillators).toHaveLength(3);
+    expect(context.bufferSources).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(context.filters).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(context.gains.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4);
+    expect(context.compressors).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(context.startedNodes).toBe(4);
+    expect(context.destinationConnections).toBe(0);
+
+    graph.connectOutput();
+    graph.setOutputGain(0.6);
+    graph.setIntensity(1);
+    expect(context.destinationConnections).toBe(1);
+    expect(context.parameters.some((parameter) => parameter.targetValues.includes(930))).toBe(true);
+
+    graph.disconnectOutput();
+    await graph.close();
+    await graph.close();
+    expect(context.destinationConnections).toBe(0);
+    expect(context.closeCalls).toBe(1);
+    expect(context.stoppedNodes).toBe(4);
+  });
+});
+
+interface HarnessOptions {
+  resume?: Deferred<void>;
+  suspend?: Deferred<void>;
+  resumeRejects?: boolean;
+  suspendRejects?: boolean;
+}
+
+function createHarness(options: HarnessOptions = {}) {
+  let rejectNextResume = options.resumeRejects === true;
+  const stateListeners = new Set<(state: string) => void>();
+  const graph: AudioGraph = {
+    resume: vi.fn(async () => {
+      if (options.resume) return options.resume.promise;
+      if (rejectNextResume) {
+        rejectNextResume = false;
+        throw new DOMException('blocked', 'NotAllowedError');
+      }
+    }),
+    suspend: vi.fn(async () => {
+      if (options.suspend) return options.suspend.promise;
+      if (options.suspendRejects) throw new Error('suspend failed');
+    }),
+    close: vi.fn(async () => undefined),
+    connectOutput: vi.fn(),
+    disconnectOutput: vi.fn(),
+    setOutputGain: vi.fn(),
+    setIntensity: vi.fn(),
+    onContextStateChange: vi.fn((listener) => {
+      stateListeners.add(listener);
+      return () => stateListeners.delete(listener);
+    }),
+  };
+  let constructed = 0;
+  const createGraph: AudioGraphFactory = () => {
+    constructed += 1;
+    return graph;
+  };
+  return {
+    graph,
+    createGraph,
+    get constructed() { return constructed; },
+    rejectNextResume() { rejectNextResume = true; },
+    emitState(state: string) { for (const listener of stateListeners) listener(state); },
+  };
+}
+
+interface Deferred<T> {
+  promise: Promise<T>;
+  resolve(value: T | PromiseLike<T>): void;
+  reject(reason?: unknown): void;
+}
+
+function deferred<T>(): Deferred<T> {
+  let resolve!: (value: T | PromiseLike<T>) => void;
+  let reject!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((onResolve, onReject) => {
+    resolve = onResolve;
+    reject = onReject;
+  });
+  return { promise, resolve, reject };
+}
+
+class FakeAudioParam {
+  value = 0;
+  readonly targetValues: number[] = [];
+
+  setValueAtTime(value: number): void { this.value = value; }
+  setTargetAtTime(value: number): void { this.targetValues.push(value); this.value = value; }
+  linearRampToValueAtTime(value: number): void { this.value = value; }
+  exponentialRampToValueAtTime(value: number): void { this.value = value; }
+  cancelScheduledValues(): void {}
+}
+
+class FakeNode extends EventTarget {
+  readonly connections = new Set<unknown>();
+  constructor(protected readonly owner: FakeAudioContext) { super(); }
+  connect(target: unknown): unknown {
+    this.connections.add(target);
+    if (target === this.owner.destination) this.owner.destinationConnections += 1;
+    return target;
+  }
+  disconnect(target?: unknown): void {
+    if (target === undefined) {
+      if (this.connections.delete(this.owner.destination)) this.owner.destinationConnections -= 1;
+      this.connections.clear();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.connections.delete(target) && target === this.owner.destination) this.owner.destinationConnections -= 1;
+  }
+}
+
+class FakeScheduledNode extends FakeNode {
+  start(): void { this.owner.startedNodes += 1; }
+  stop(): void { this.owner.stoppedNodes += 1; }
+}
+
+class FakeAudioContext extends EventTarget {
+  readonly destination = {};
+  readonly sampleRate = 8_000;
+  readonly currentTime = 0;
+  readonly parameters: FakeAudioParam[] = [];
+  readonly oscillators: Array<FakeScheduledNode & { type: string; frequency: FakeAudioParam }> = [];
+  readonly bufferSources: Array<FakeScheduledNode & { buffer: unknown; loop: boolean }> = [];
+  readonly filters: Array<FakeNode & { type: string; frequency: FakeAudioParam; Q: FakeAudioParam }> = [];
+  readonly gains: Array<FakeNode & { gain: FakeAudioParam }> = [];
+  readonly compressors: FakeNode[] = [];
+  destinationConnections = 0;
+  startedNodes = 0;
+  stoppedNodes = 0;
+  closeCalls = 0;
+  state: AudioContextState = 'suspended';
+
+  private parameter(value = 0): FakeAudioParam {
+    const parameter = new FakeAudioParam();
+    parameter.value = value;
+    this.parameters.push(parameter);
+    return parameter;
+  }
+
+  createOscillator() {
+    const node = Object.assign(new FakeScheduledNode(this), { type: 'sine', frequency: this.parameter(440) });
+    this.oscillators.push(node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  createBufferSource() {
+    const node = Object.assign(new FakeScheduledNode(this), { buffer: null as unknown, loop: false });
+    this.bufferSources.push(node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  createBiquadFilter() {
+    const node = Object.assign(new FakeNode(this), {
+      type: 'lowpass', frequency: this.parameter(350), Q: this.parameter(1),
+    });
+    this.filters.push(node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  createGain() {
+    const node = Object.assign(new FakeNode(this), { gain: this.parameter(1) });
+    this.gains.push(node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  createDynamicsCompressor() {
+    const node = new FakeNode(this);
+    this.compressors.push(node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  createBuffer(channels: number, length: number) {
+    const data = Array.from({ length: channels }, () => new Float32Array(length));
+    return { getChannelData: (channel: number) => data[channel] };
+  }
+  async resume(): Promise<void> { this.state = 'running'; }
+  async suspend(): Promise<void> { this.state = 'suspended'; }
+  async close(): Promise<void> { this.closeCalls += 1; this.state = 'closed'; }
+}